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to master the theory

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1 master

master, US [transcription]["m_s-"]

A n

1 ( man in charge) maître m ; the master of the house le maître de maison ; to be master in one's own house être maître chez soi ;

2 ( person in control) maître/-esse m/f ; to be one's own master être son propre maître ; to be (the) master of one's fate/the situation être maître/-esse de son destin/la situation ; to be master of oneself être maître/-esse de soi ;

3 ( person who excels) maître m ; a master of un maître de [violin, narrative] ; un/-e expert/-e de [tactics, public relations] ; to be a master at doing être maître dans l'art de faire ;

4 Art ( also Master) maître m ; the Dutch masters les maîtres hollandais ;

5 Sch ( teacher) ( primary) maître m, instituteur m ; ( secondary) professeur m ; ( headmaster) proviseur m ;

6 GB Univ ( of college) principal m ;

7 ( also master copy) original m ;

8 †( also Master) ( as form of address) maître m ; yes, Master oui, Maître ;

9 Univ ( graduate) ≈ titulaire mf d'une maîtrise ; master's (degree) maîtrise f (in en, de) ; to be working towards one's master's préparer sa maîtrise ;

10 Naut capitaine m ;

11 (in chess, bridge etc) maître m ;

12 ( title of young man) monsieur m ; the young master† le jeune monsieur ; Master Ian Todd ( on envelope) Monsieur Ian Todd.

B Masters npl (+ v sg) Sport the Masters gen le championnat ; ( in tennis) le masters.

C modif [architect, butcher, chef, craftsman] maître (before n) ; [smuggler, spy, terrorist, thief] professionnel/-elle.

D vtr

1 (learn, become proficient in or with) maîtriser [subject, language, controls, computers, theory, basics, complexities] ; posséder [art, skill] ;

2 ( control) dominer [feelings, situation, person] ; surmonter [phobia].

Big English-French dictionary > master
2 master

I 1. ['mɑːstə(r)] [AE 'mæs-]
nome

1) (man in charge) padrone m., signore m.

the master of the house — il padrone di casa

2) (person in control) padrone m. (-a)

to be one's own master — non dipendere da nessuno

to be (the) master of one's fate — essere padrone del proprio destino

to be master of oneself — essere padrone di sé

3) (person who excels) maestro m.

a master of — un maestro di [ narrative]; un esperto di [ public relations]

to be a master at doing — essere (un) maestro nel fare

4) art. (anche Master) maestro m.

5) BE scol. (primary) maestro m., insegnante m. elementare; (secondary) professore m.; (headmaster) preside m.

6) BE univ. (of college) preside m.

7) tecn. (anche master copy) master m., originale m.

8) univ. (graduate) dottore m. (-essa)

master's (degree) — = diploma di dottore (conseguito con un corso di studi di cinque o sei anni)

9) mar. capitano m.

10) (title of young man) signore m.

the young master — ant. il signorino
2.
modificatore [architect, chef] capo; [smuggler, spy] professionista
II ['mɑːstə(r)] [AE 'mæs-]
verbo transitivo

1) (learn) padroneggiare [subject, skill]; conoscere bene [computers, theory]

2) (control) dominare, controllare [ feelings]; vincere [ phobia]

* * *
1. feminine - mistress; noun
1) (a person or thing that commands or controls: I'm master in this house!) padrone

2) (an owner (of a slave, dog etc): The dog ran to its master.) padrone, proprietario

3) (a male teacher: the Maths master.) professore

4) (the commander of a merchant ship: the ship's master.) capitano

5) (a person very skilled in an art, science etc: He's a real master at painting.) maestro

6) ((with capital) a polite title for a boy, in writing or in speaking: Master John Smith.) signorino
2. adjective
((of a person in a job) fully qualified, skilled and experienced: a master builder/mariner/plumber.) maestro, grande
3. verb
1) (to overcome (an opponent, handicap etc): She has mastered her fear of heights.) dominare

2) (to become skilful in: I don't think I'll ever master arithmetic.) padroneggiare, conoscere a fondo

•

- masterful
- masterfully
- masterfulness
- masterly
- masterliness
- mastery
- master key
- mastermind 4. verb
(to plan (such a scheme): Who masterminded the robbery?) essere il cervello

- masterpiece
- master stroke
- master switch
- master of ceremonies
* * *
I 1. ['mɑːstə(r)] [AE 'mæs-]
nome

1) (man in charge) padrone m., signore m.

the master of the house — il padrone di casa

2) (person in control) padrone m. (-a)

to be one's own master — non dipendere da nessuno

to be (the) master of one's fate — essere padrone del proprio destino

to be master of oneself — essere padrone di sé

3) (person who excels) maestro m.

a master of — un maestro di [ narrative]; un esperto di [ public relations]

to be a master at doing — essere (un) maestro nel fare

4) art. (anche Master) maestro m.

5) BE scol. (primary) maestro m., insegnante m. elementare; (secondary) professore m.; (headmaster) preside m.

6) BE univ. (of college) preside m.

7) tecn. (anche master copy) master m., originale m.

8) univ. (graduate) dottore m. (-essa)

master's (degree) — = diploma di dottore (conseguito con un corso di studi di cinque o sei anni)

9) mar. capitano m.

10) (title of young man) signore m.

the young master — ant. il signorino
2.
modificatore [architect, chef] capo; [smuggler, spy] professionista
II ['mɑːstə(r)] [AE 'mæs-]
verbo transitivo

1) (learn) padroneggiare [subject, skill]; conoscere bene [computers, theory]

2) (control) dominare, controllare [ feelings]; vincere [ phobia]

English-Italian dictionary > master
3 master **** mas·ter

['mɒːstə(r)]
1. n

1) (of servant, dog) padrone m

the master of the house — il padrone di casa

to be one's own master — non aver padroni

I am (the) master now — ora comando io

to be master of the situation — essere padrone della situazione

2) (Naut: of ship) capitano

3) (musician, painter) maestro

4) (Brit: teacher: in primary school) maestro, (in secondary school) professore m

fencing master — maestro di scherma

5)

(title for boys) Master Paul Moran — il signorino Paul Moran, (on letters) (il) signor Paul Moran

2. vt

1) (animal) domare, (person) dominare, (one's emotions) controllare

2) (theory: understand) conoscere a fondo, (learn: subject, skill) imparare a fondo

she soon mastered the technique — si è impadronita rapidamente della tecnica

English-Italian dictionary > master **** mas·ter
4 владеть

1) (иметь) to have, to possess, to own

владеть средствами производства — to possess the means of production

2) (держать в своей власти) to hold; to control

владеть умами — to sway the minds

3) (хорошо знать) to master

владеть теорией — to master the theory

Russian-english dctionary of diplomacy > владеть
5 thèse

thèse [tεz]

feminine noun

a. thesis

• roman à thèse novel expounding a philosophical or social message

b. ( = diplôme, écrit) thesis

• thèse de doctorat (d'État) PhD doctoral thesis (Brit) doctoral dissertation (US)

• thèse de 3^e cycle ≈ MA or MSc thesis, ≈ Master's thesis

• selon la thèse officielle, il... the official line is that he...

• la thèse du suicide a été écartée suicide has been ruled out

* * *
tɛz
nom féminin

1) Université ( de doctorat) thesis GB, dissertation US

2) ( point de vue) thesis, argument

roman à thèse — novel with a message

3) ( supposition) theory

avancer la thèse de l'accident — to put forward the theory that it was an accident

* * *
tɛz nf
1) UNIVERSITÉ thesis

2) (= hypothèse, explication) theory

Les enquêteurs n'écartent pas la thèse de l'attentat. — Investigators are not ruling out the assassination theory.

* * *

thèse nf

1 Univ ( de doctorat) thesis GB, dissertation US (sur qn/qch on sb/sth); être en thèse to be working on a thesis ou dissertation; faire une thèse to do a thesis;

2 ( point de vue) thesis, argument; film/roman à thèse film/novel with a message;

3 ( supposition) theory; avancer/écarter la thèse de l'accident to put forward/to discount the theory that it was an accident.

[tɛz] nom féminin

1. ÉDUCATION thesis

thèse de doctorat d'État ≃ PhD, ≃ doctoral thesis (UK), ≃ doctoral ou PhD dissertation (US)

thèse de troisième cycle

a. [en lettres] ≃ MA (UK), ≃ master's thesis (US)

b. [en sciences] ≃ MSc (UK), ≃ master's thesis (US)

2. [théorie] argument, thesis, theory

thèse, antithèse, synthèse thesis, antithesis, synthesis

la thèse de l'accident n'est pas écartée the possibility that it may have been an accident hasn't been ruled out

Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > thèse
6 destreza

f.

1 skill, dexterity.

2 skillful action.

* * *

destreza

► nombre femenino

1 skill, dexterity

■ tiene destreza she's skilful

* * *

noun f.

skill

* * *

SF

1) (=habilidad) skill

destrezas lingüísticas — linguistic skills

2) (=agilidad) dexterity

* * *

femenino skill

demostró mucha destreza con el florete — he showed great dexterity o skill in his handling of the foil

con gran destreza — very skillfully

* * *

= competence, skill, dexterity, prowess.

Ex. In order that you should be able to perform these required skills with greater competence, selected elements of the theory of subject indexing will be included.

Ex. However, successful human free language indexing is very dependent upon the skills of the individual indexer.

Ex. Reference work is merely a practical skill -- of a high-grade kind, to be sure -- but a mere dexterity, a mental facility, acquired by practice.

Ex. The results endorse the need for continued application of marketing prowess, information science research, and library support systems.

----

* basado en el desarrollo de destrezas prácticas = competency based.

* con destreza = nimbly, adeptly, with ease.

* crear con gran destreza = craft.

* desarrollar una destreza = develop + skill, build + skill.

* desconocimiento de las destrezas básicas en la búsqueda, rec = information illiteracy.

* destreza académica = academic skill.

* destreza cognitiva = cognitive skill.

* destreza de apoyo = ancillary skill.

* destreza en la acampada = campcraft.

* destreza en la búsqueda de información en una biblioteca = library research skills.

* destreza lingüística = language skill.

* destreza manual = manual skill, manual dexterity.

* destrezas informáticas = computer skills.

* destrezas relacionadas con el uso de la información = information skills.

* destrezas relacionadas con la información = information skills.

* destreza verbal = verbal skill.

* dominar una destreza = master + skill.

* mejorar + Posesivo + destrezas = sharpen + Posesivo + skills.

* producir con gran destreza = craft.

* requerir más destreza = be more of an art.

* * *

femenino skill

demostró mucha destreza con el florete — he showed great dexterity o skill in his handling of the foil

con gran destreza — very skillfully

* * *

= competence, skill, dexterity, prowess.

Ex: In order that you should be able to perform these required skills with greater competence, selected elements of the theory of subject indexing will be included.

Ex: However, successful human free language indexing is very dependent upon the skills of the individual indexer.

Ex: Reference work is merely a practical skill -- of a high-grade kind, to be sure -- but a mere dexterity, a mental facility, acquired by practice.

Ex: The results endorse the need for continued application of marketing prowess, information science research, and library support systems.

* basado en el desarrollo de destrezas prácticas = competency based.

* con destreza = nimbly, adeptly, with ease.

* crear con gran destreza = craft.

* desarrollar una destreza = develop + skill, build + skill.

* desconocimiento de las destrezas básicas en la búsqueda, rec = information illiteracy.

* destreza académica = academic skill.

* destreza cognitiva = cognitive skill.

* destreza de apoyo = ancillary skill.

* destreza en la acampada = campcraft.

* destreza en la búsqueda de información en una biblioteca = library research skills.

* destreza lingüística = language skill.

* destreza manual = manual skill, manual dexterity.

* destrezas informáticas = computer skills.

* destrezas relacionadas con el uso de la información = information skills.

* destrezas relacionadas con la información = information skills.

* destreza verbal = verbal skill.

* dominar una destreza = master + skill.

* mejorar + Posesivo + destrezas = sharpen + Posesivo + skills.

* producir con gran destreza = craft.

* requerir más destreza = be more of an art.

* * *

destreza

feminine

skill

controló el balón con destreza he controlled the ball skillfully

demostró mucha destreza con el florete he showed great dexterity o skill in his handling of the foil

con gran destreza very skillfully

* * *

destreza sustantivo femenino
skill;
◊ con gran destreza very skillfully

destreza sustantivo femenino skill: muestra bastante destreza con la cometa, she demonstrates quite a bit of skill with the kite

' destreza' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
maña
- saber
- arte
- manual
- pericia
- técnica
English:
art
- consummate
- craft
- derive
- develop
- development
- dexterity
- hone
- improve
- improvement
- neatness
- practice
- practise
- proficiency
- prowess
- skill
- trick
- deftly

* * *

destreza nf

skill, dexterity;

tiene destreza para la costura he's very good at sewing;

hacer algo con destreza to do sth skilfully

* * *

destreza

f skill

* * *

destreza nf

habilidad: dexterity, skill

* * *

destreza n skill

Spanish-English dictionary > destreza
7 Bell, Alexander Graham

SUBJECT AREA: Telecommunications

[br]

b. 3 March 1847 Edinburgh, Scotland

d. 3 August 1922 Beinn Bhreagh, Baddeck, Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia, Canada

[br]

Scottish/American inventor of the telephone.

[br]

Bell's grandfather was a professor of elocution in London and his father an authority on the physiology of the voice and on elocution; Bell was to follow in their footsteps. He was educated in Edinburgh, leaving school at 13. In 1863 he went to Elgin, Morayshire, as a pupil teacher in elocution, with a year's break to study at Edinburgh University; it was in 1865, while still in Elgin, that he first conceived the idea of the electrical transmission of speech. He went as a master to Somersetshire College, Bath (now in Avon), and in 1867 he moved to London to assist his father, who had taken up the grandfather's work in elocution. In the same year, he matriculated at London University, studying anatomy and physiology, and also began teaching the deaf. He continued to pursue the studies that were to lead to the invention of the telephone. At this time he read Helmholtz's The Sensations of Tone, an important work on the theory of sound that was to exert a considerable influence on him.

In 1870 he accompanied his parents when they emigrated to Canada. His work for the deaf gained fame in both Canada and the USA, and in 1873 he was apponted professor of vocal physiology and the mechanics of speech at Boston University, Massachusetts. There, he continued to work on his theory that sound wave vibrations could be converted into a fluctuating electric current, be sent along a wire and then be converted back into sound waves by means of a receiver. He approached the problem from the background of the theory of sound and voice production rather than from that of electrical science, and by 1875 he had succeeded in constructing a rough model. On 7 March 1876 Bell spoke the famous command to his assistant, "Mr Watson, come here, I want you": this was the first time a human voice had been transmitted along a wire. Only three days earlier, Bell's first patent for the telephone had been granted. Almost simultaneously, but quite independently, Elisha Gray had achieved a similar result. After a period of litigation, the US Supreme Court awarded Bell priority, although Gray's device was technically superior.

In 1877, three years after becoming a naturalized US citizen, Bell married the deaf daughter of his first backer. In August of that year, they travelled to Europe to combine a honeymoon with promotion of the telephone. Bell's patent was possibly the most valuable ever issued, for it gave birth to what later became the world's largest private service organization, the Bell Telephone Company.

Bell had other scientific and technological interests: he made improvements in telegraphy and in Edison's gramophone, and he also developed a keen interest in aeronautics, working on Curtiss's flying machine. Bell founded the celebrated periodical Science.

[br]

Principal Honours and Distinctions

Legion of Honour; Hughes Medal, Royal Society, 1913.

Further Reading

Obituary, 7 August 1922, The Times. Dictionary of American Biography.

R.Burlingame, 1964, Out of Silence into Sound, London: Macmillan.

LRD

Biographical history of technology > Bell, Alexander Graham
8 овладевать

1) (захватывать) to seize, to capture

овладевать городом — to capture a city / a town

2) (усваивать, осваивать) to master

овладевать теорией — to master a theory

овладевать основами экономических знаний — to master the fundamentals of economics

3) (подчинять себе) to take hold (of), to seize, to grip

овладеть вниманием слушателей — to take hold of the audience

Russian-english dctionary of diplomacy > овладевать
9 овладевать

•
A tool engineer can master the programming technique in a few hours.

•
It is not necessary to master all the theory.

Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > овладевать
10 work

wə:k 1. noun
1) (effort made in order to achieve or make something: He has done a lot of work on this project) arbeid

2) (employment: I cannot find work in this town.) arbeid, jobb

3) (a task or tasks; the thing that one is working on: Please clear your work off the table.) arbeid

4) (a painting, book, piece of music etc: the works of Van Gogh / Shakespeare/Mozart; This work was composed in 1816.) verk

5) (the product or result of a person's labours: His work has shown a great improvement lately.) arbeid, verk

6) (one's place of employment: He left (his) work at 5.30 p.m.; I don't think I'll go to work tomorrow.) arbeidsplass, jobb
2. verb
1) (to (cause to) make efforts in order to achieve or make something: She works at the factory three days a week; He works his employees very hard; I've been working on/at a new project.) arbeide, jobbe; drive, la arbeide

2) (to be employed: Are you working just now?) ha arbeid/jobb

3) (to (cause to) operate (in the correct way): He has no idea how that machine works / how to work that machine; That machine doesn't/won't work, but this one's working.) virke, fungere

4) (to be practicable and/or successful: If my scheme works, we'll be rich!) virke, holde stikk, lykkes

5) (to make (one's way) slowly and carefully with effort or difficulty: She worked her way up the rock face.) arbeide seg møysommelig framover/oppover

6) (to get into, or put into, a stated condition or position, slowly and gradually: The wheel worked loose.) løsne, skru seg løs

7) (to make by craftsmanship: The ornaments had been worked in gold.) forme, bearbeide

•

- - work
- workable
- worker
- works 3. noun plural
1) (the mechanism (of a watch, clock etc): The works are all rusted.) (ur)verk

2) (deeds, actions etc: She's devoted her life to good works.) gode gjerninger, veldedighet

•

- work-basket
- work-box
- workbook
- workforce
- working class
- working day
- work-day
- working hours
- working-party
- work-party
- working week
- workman
- workmanlike
- workmanship
- workmate
- workout
- workshop
- at work
- get/set to work
- go to work on
- have one's work cut out
- in working order
- out of work
- work of art
- work off
- work out
- work up
- work up to
- work wonders

arbeid
--------
arbeide
--------
arbeidsplass
--------
virke

I
subst. \/wɜːk\/

1) arbeid, jobb

• I'm still looking for work

jeg er fremdeles på utkikk etter arbeid

• our father is back from work

faren vår har kommet hjem fra jobben

2) virke, gjerning

3) innsats

4) gjøremål, oppgave

5) verk, arbeid, produkt

• it is the work of an unknown master

det er et verk av en ukjent mester

• the villagers sold their works to the tourists

landsbybeboerne solgte arbeidene sine til turistene

at work på arbeid, på jobb i aktivitet, i virksomhet, i arbeid

• the scientists thought an unknown microbe was at work

vitenskapsmennene trodde at en ukjent mikrobe var i aktivitet

be thrown out of work bli gjort arbeidsløs

do the work of fungere som

fall\/go to work skride til verket

give someone the works fortelle noen hele historien gi noen en overhaling drepe noen

go about one's work skjøtte sitt arbeid

have one's work cut out ha sin fulle hyre med

intellectual work åndsarbeid

in work i arbeid

make light work of winning vinne med letthet

make short\/quick work of gjøre kort prosess med, gjøre raskt unna, bli fort ferdig med

make work for gi arbeid til

many hands make light work jo flere, desto bedre

off work ikke i arbeid, fri

out of work uten arbeid, arbeidsløs

put\/set somebody to work sette noen i arbeid

quick work fort gjort

set\/go about one's work sette i gang med arbeidet, skride til verket

set at work sette i arbeid, sette i gang

set\/get to work (at\/on something) sette i gang med noe \/ med å gjøre noe

shirk work snike seg unna, sluntre unna, skulke

shoot the works sladre gi alt man har, gjøre sitt ytterste

sit down to one's work konsentrere seg om arbeidet sitt

stop work (av)slutte arbeidet, legge ned arbeidet

strike work legge ned arbeidet, streike

take up work gå tilbake til arbeidet

throw out of work gjøre arbeidsløs

warm work ( hverdagslig) hardt arbeid

the work done det utførte arbeidet, arbeidsprestasjonen

the work of a moment et øyeblikks arbeid

a work of art et kunstverk

works gjerninger

• good works

gode gjerninger

(slang, om narkotika) brukerutstyr ( militærvesen) (be)festningsverk verk, mekanisme

• she studied the works of the clock

hun studerte urverket

the works rubbel og bit, hele sulamitten

work of the intellect ( jus) åndsverk
II
verb \/wɜːk\/

1) ( om sysselsetting) arbeide, jobbe

• Martin works as a teacher

Martin jobber som lærer

2) ( om deig eller leire) bearbeide, kna, elte

• wet clay is easy to work

våt leire er lett å bearbeide

3) ( om plan eller metode) virke, fungere, holde (om teori)

• his charm worked

sjarmen hans virket

• the theory doesn't work

teorien holder ikke

4) påvirke, bearbeide, øve innflytelse på, godsnakke med

• Doris worked her boss to give her higher salary

Doris godsnakket med sjefen sin for å få ham til å gi henne høyere lønn

• try to work him to see your point

forsøk å få ham til å se ting fra din side

5) ( om jord) dyrke

6) ( om maskineri) gå, drive(s), funksjonere, virke, være i drift, være i funksjon

• this machine works on electricity

denne maskinen drives av elektrisitet

• this watch dosn't work

denne klokken virker ikke

• the lift doesn't work

heisen er ikke i drift

7) ( om selger) reise i, ha (som salgsområde)

• the insurance agent works the Stavanger area

forsikringsagenten reiser i Stavanger-området

8) ( om fisker) fiske i

• the villagers work this stream

landsbyboerne fisker i denne elven

9) ( om gjær) arbeide, gjære, få til å gjære

10) ( om organ) fungere, gå, arbeide, slå (om hjerte eller puls)

• her heart is working slowly

hjertet hennes slår sakte

11) ( om kraftanstrengelse) arbeide (seg frem), trenge (seg frem)

• the expedition worked north through the jungle

ekspedisjonen arbeidet seg nordover gjennom jungelen

12) flytte, dytte, lirke, skyve

• she worked the boulder into place

hun dyttet kampesteinen på plass

13) ( om tanker e.l.) arbeide, gjære, kverne

• these thoughts were working in his head

disse tankene kvernet i hodet hans

14) ( om håndarbeide) lage, brodere, sy, strikke

• she worked her initials on the blanket

hun broderte initialene sine på teppene

• granny is working a pair of socks

bestemor strikker et par sokker

15) ( om mekanikk) betjene, passe, skjøtte, styre

• her task is to work the machine

hennes oppgave er å betjene maskinen

• these puppets are worked with wires

disse dukkene blir styrt ved hjelp av tråder

16) bevege (seg), røre (på), røre seg, gestikulere (om hender)

• her hands were working as she talked

hun gestikulerte med hendene mens hun snakket

• can you work your arm backwards?

kan du bevege armen bakover?

17) ( om ledelse) styre, holde styr på, kontrollere, få til å jobbe, få til å arbeide, drive

• they worked a farm

de drev en gård

• the war lord couldn't work his officers

krigsherren klarte ikke å holde styr på offiserene sine

• the manager worked his employees ten hours a day

direktøren drev sine ansatte ti timer per dag

18) ( om konsekvens) forårsake, utrette, anrette, volde, utføre, bevirke

• time had worked\/wrought great changes

tiden hadde forårsaket store endringer

• the war worked\/wrought great damages

krigen voldte store skader

19) ( om mål) oppnå, oppfylle, realisere, virkeliggjøre, ordne (hverdagslig), fikse (hverdagslig)

• I worked my purposes

jeg oppnådde mine hensikt

• how did you work it?

hvordan fikset du det?

20) ( om kull) bryte

21) ( om bruk) anvende, bruke, utnytte, drive, bearbeide, være i drift (om fabrikk e.l.)

• this mine is no longer worked

denne gruven er ikke lenger i drift

• can you work the invention at this factory?

kan dere utnytte oppfinnelsen ved denne fabrikken?

• he worked dogs in a circus act

han brukte hunder i et sirkusnummer

• they worked the mine

de drev gruven

22) ( om materiale) arbeide i, arbeide med, forme, utforme, foredle

• she likes to work wood

hun liker å arbeide i tre

23) ( sjøfart) arbeide, rulle, stampe, slingre

• the ship worked in the rough sea

skipet stampet i det urolige havet

24) (amer.) lure, bedra, ta ved nesen

• the swindler worked the whole town

svindleren lurte hele byen

25) ( om bølger) gå i dønninger

26) ( om ansikt) fortrekke seg

• her features worked

ansiktet hennes fortrakk seg

work against ( om motstand) motarbeide, motsette

• they are working against him

de motarbeider ham

work at arbeide på, arbeide med, jobbe på, jobbe med

• I am working at a new book

jeg arbeider på en ny bok

studere

• he is working at Latin and Greek

han studerer latin og gresk

work away arbeide (ufortrødent) videre, jobbe i vei

• he is working away on his new book

han arbeider ufortrødent videre på den nye boken sin

work back (austr.) arbeide overtid, jobbe overtid

work for arbeide for, jobbe for

• he works for a farmer

han jobber for en bonde

• he works for peace

han jobber for fred

work in\/into arbeide seg inn i, trenge (seg) inn i

• the dust has worked in everywhere

støvet har trengt seg inn overalt

flette inn, finne plass til

• try to work in a few quotations

prøv å flette inn noen sitater

( om materiale) arbeide i, arbeide med, jobbe i, jobbe med

• the artist prefers to work in clay

kunstneren foretrekker å arbeide med leire

work in with passe inn i, stemme med

• his marriage didn't work in with my plan

ekteskapet hans passet ikke inn i planen min

work itself right komme i gjenge igjen

• the trade will soon work itself right

handelen kommer snart i gjenge igjen

work late arbeide sent

work off slite(s) bort, gå bort

• the paint will work off

malingen kommer til å slites bort

arbeide av seg, bli kvitt, kvitte seg med, gå av seg

• he has worked off his surplus weight

han har kvittet seg med overvekten sin

• he has worked off his anger

han har gått av seg raseriet sitt

( om gjeld) nedbetale, få ned

• he worked off his debt by doing odd jobs

han nedbetalte gjelden sin ved å påta seg småjobber

få unna(gjort), få gjort

• she worked off the week's correspondence

hun fikk unna ukens korrespondanse

( om handel) få avsetning på, få solgt utgi for å være

• she worked off the novel as her own

hun utga romanen for å være sin egen

( om overtid) arbeide inn, opparbeide (seg)

• she worked off a week's holiday by doing overtime

hun opparbeidet seg en ukes ferie ved å jobbe overtid

( typografi) trykke ferdig

work off one's anger\/rage on someone la sinnet sitt gå ut over noen

work on arbeide (ufortrødent) videre arbeide med, arbeide på, jobbe med, jobbe på

• she worked on a book

hun arbeidet med en bok

bearbeide, påvirke, bite på

• I'll work on her

jeg skal forsøke å påvirke henne

• nothing works on him

ingenting biter på ham

virke gjennom

• the door works on a spring

døren er utstyrt med en fjær

work one's ass\/butt off ( slang) arbeide seg ihjel

work oneself free slite seg løs

work oneself up hisse seg opp

work one's passage arbeide seg over (som mannskap på skip)

work one's way through university arbeide ved siden av studiene

work one's will (up)on få viljen sin med

work out utarbeide, utforme, utvikle, arbeide frem, komme frem til

• she worked out a clever plan

hun utarbeidet en listig plan

• they worked out a compromise

de kom frem til et kompromiss

(om plan, mål e.l.) virkeliggjøre, realisere, oppnå, gjennomføre, iverksette, sette ut i livet beregne, regne ut

• I haven't worked out the cost per head yet

jeg har ikke regnet ut kostnaden per hode ennå

• the pay works out the same

lønnen blir den samme

løse, finne ut av, tyde

• he was happy that he finally had worked out the problem

han var glad for at han endelig hadde løst problemet

• the problem will not work out

problemet lar seg ikke løse

• she is an expert at working out the coded messages

hun er en ekspert i å tyde de kodete meldingene gå opp, stemme, la seg regne ut

• the sum will not work out

summen går ikke opp

( om ressurs e.l.) tømme, utpine

• the silver mine is now worked out

sølvgruven er nå tømt

falle ut, ordne seg, lykkes, utvikle seg

• let us see how it works out

la oss se hvordan det utvikler seg

• if the plan works out satisfactorily

dersom planen utvikler seg tilfredsstillende

( sport og spill e.l.) trene, øve trenge seg frem, arbeide seg frem, arbeide seg ut

• many months later the splinter worked out of her arm

mange måneder senere trengte flisen seg ut av armen hennes

work out at\/to beløpe seg til, komme opp i, komme på

• the total works out at\/to £10

summen beløper seg til 10 pund

work out of jobbe fra, ha som base

• she works out of home

hun jobber hjemmefra

work over gjennomgå, bearbeide, revidere, gjennomarbeide

• she is working over an article for a magazine

hun bearbeider en artikkel for et ukeblad

• I worked over the material in detail

jeg har gjennomgått materialet i detalj

overtale, få over på sin side ( slang) ta under behandling, bearbeide, gi en overhaling

• they threatened to work him over until he talked

de truet med å gi ham en overhaling inntil han snakket

work round slå om, gå over

• the wind has worked round to the north

work someone out bli klok på noen

work something out ordne opp i noe, finne ut av noe, finne på noe

• I am sure we can work something out

jeg er sikker på at vi kan finne på noe

• they decided to work things out

de bestemte seg for å ordne opp i saker og ting

work through arbeide seg gjennom

• I've worked through this big volume

jeg har arbeidet meg gjennom dette tykke bindet trenge gjennom

• the rain has worked through the roof

regnet har trengt seg gjennom taket

bore gjennom, grave (seg) gjennom

work to holde seg til, følge

• they worked to schedule

de holdt seg til timeplanen

work to rule ( om arbeidskonflikt) gå sakte

work towards arbeide for, arbeide mot

• we are working towards a peaceful settlement

vi arbeider for en fredelig løsning

work up øke, drive opp, forsterke

• the typist worked up her speed to 70 words a minute

maskinskriveren drev opp farten til 70 ord i minuttet

• the film worked up excitement

filmen økte spenningen

bygge opp, etablere, opparbeide (seg)

• she worked up a thriving business

hun arbeidet frem en fremgangsrik forretning

• we are trying to work up a market for this article

vi forsøker å bygge opp et marked for denne artikkelen

• I can't work up sufficient interest in this

jeg kan ikke opparbeide tilstrekkelig interesse for dette

omarbeide

• she worked up the short story to form a novel

hun omarbeidet novellen til en roman

bearbeide, kna, elte, foredle (om råmateriale) røre sammen, røre til

• he worked up a mixture

han rørte sammen en blanding

vekke, skape, fremkalle

• this is guaranteed to work up people's interest

dette er garantert å vekke folks interesse

( om følelser) egge (opp), hisse (opp), anspore, drive ( musikk) arbeide seg opp mot

• the orchestra was working up a crescendo

orkesteret arbeidet seg opp mot et crescendo

( om klær e.l.) krype oppover, skli opp, gli opp ( om vær) tilta, øke i styrke

• the storm worked up

stormen tiltok

(sjøfart, om straff) sette i hardt arbeid, holde i hardt arbeid

work up into omarbeide, gjøre om til, (videre)utvikle til, forvandle til

• he worked up the sketch into a picture

han omarbeidet skissen til et bilde

work up to stige til, nærme seg, dra seg mot

• the events worked up to a climax

hendelsene dro seg mot et klimaks

worked up eller wrought up opphisset, opprørt, oppjaget, opprevet

• he got all worked up over nothing

English-Norwegian dictionary > work
11 Ayre, Sir Amos Lowrey

SUBJECT AREA: Ports and shipping

[br]

b. 23 July 1885 South Shields, England

d. 13 January 1952 London, England

[br]

English shipbuilder and pioneer of the inter-war "economy" freighters; Chairman of the Shipbuilding Conference.

[br]

Amos Ayre grew up on the Tyne with the stimulus of shipbuilding and seafaring around him. After an apprenticeship as a ship draughtsman and distinction in his studies, he held responsible posts in the shipyards of Belfast and later Dublin. His first dramatic move came in 1909 when he accepted the post of Manager of the new Employment Exchange at Govan, then just outside Glasgow. During the First World War he was in charge of fleet coaling operations on the River Forth, and later was promoted Admiralty District Director for shipyard labour in Scotland.

Before the conclusion of hostilities, with his brother Wilfrid (later Sir Wilfrid Ayre) he founded the Burntisland Shipbuilding Company in Fife. Setting up on a green field site allowed the brothers to show innovation in design, production and marketing. Such was their success that the new yard was busy throughout the Depression, building standard ships which incorporated low operating costs with simplicity of construction.

Through public service culminating in the 1929 Safety of Life at Sea Conference, Amos Ayre became recognized not only as an eminent naval architect, but also as a skilled negotiator. In 1936 he was invited to become Chairman of the Shipbuilding Conference and thereby virtual leader of the industry. As war approached he planned with meticulous care the rearrangement of national shipbuilding capacity, enabling Britain to produce standard hulls ranging from the legendary TID tugs to the standard freighters built in Sunderland or Port Glasgow. In 1939 he became Director of Merchant Shipbuilding, a position he held until 1944, when with typical foresight he asked to be released to plan for shipbuilding's return to normality.

[br]

Principal Honours and Distinctions

Knighted 1937. KBE 1943. Officer of the Order of Orange-Nassau.

Bibliography

1919, "The theory and design of British shipbuilding", The Syren and Shipping, London.

Further Reading

Wilfrid Ayre, 1968, A Shipbuilders Yesterdays, Fife (published privately). James Reid, 1964, James Lithgow, Master of Work, London.

Maurice E.Denny, 1955, "The man and his work" (First Amos Ayre Lecture), Transactions of the Institution of Naval Architects vol. 97.

FMW

Biographical history of technology > Ayre, Sir Amos Lowrey
12 Barlow, Peter

SUBJECT AREA: Ports and shipping

[br]

b. 13 October 1776 Norwich, England

d. 1 March 1862 Kent, England

[br]

English mathematician, physicist and optician.

[br]

Barlow had little formal academic education, but by his own efforts rectified this deficiency. His contributions to various periodicals ensured that he became recognized as a man of considerable scientific understanding. In 1801, through competitive examination, he became Assistant Mathematics Master at the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, and some years later was promoted to Professor. He resigned from this post in 1847, but retained full salary in recognition of his many public services.

He is remembered for several notable achievements, and for some experiments designed to overcome problems such as the deviation of compasses in iron ships. Here, he proposed the use of small iron plates designed to overcome other attractions: these were used by both the British and Russian navies. Optical experiments commenced around 1827 and in later years he carried out tests to optimize the size and shape of many parts used in the railways that were spreading throughout Britain and elsewhere at that time.

In 1814 he published mathematical tables of squares, cubes, square roots, cube roots and reciprocals of all integers from 1 to 10,000. This volume was of great value in ship design and other engineering processes where heavy numerical effort is required; it was reprinted many times, the last being in 1965 when it had been all but superseded by the calculator and the computer. In the preface to the original edition, Barlow wrote, "the only motive which prompted me to engage in this unprofitable task was the utility that I conceived might result from my labour… if I have succeeded in facilitating abstruse arithmetical calculations, then I have obtained the object in view."

[br]

Principal Honours and Distinctions

FRS 1823; Copley Medal (for discoveries in magnetism) 1825. Honorary Member, Institution of Civil Engineers 1820.

Bibliography

1811, An Elementary Investigation of the Theory of Numbers.

1814, Barlow's Tables (these have continued to be published until recently, one edition being in 1965 (London: Spon); later editions have taken the integers up to 12,500).

1817, Essay on the Strength of Timber and Other Materials.

Further Reading

Dictionary of National Biography.

FMW

Biographical history of technology > Barlow, Peter
13 οἰκία

οἰκία, ας, ἡ (Hdt.+)

① a structure used as a dwelling, house

ⓐ lit., as a building Mt 2:11; 7:24–27; 24:43; Mk 10:29f; 13:34; Lk 6:48f; 15:8; 18:29; J 12:3; Ac 10:6; 1 Cor 11:22; 1 Cl 12:6 al. W. ἀγρός Hs 1:4, 8; cp. Mt 19:29. W. χωρίον Ac 4:34. εἰς τ. οἰκίαν τινός Mt 8:14; 9:23; Mk 1:29; Lk 4:38; 7:44; 22:54. εἰς οἰκίαν τινός Ac 18:7. εἰς τὴν οἰκίαν into the house Lk 8:51; 10:38 v.l. (prob. the orig. rdg., reverentially omitted by some copyists: MdeJonge, NThT 34, 308 [against Metzger 153]; s. RBorger, TRu 52, ’87, 32f); 22:10; (go, come) home (Appian, Bell. Civ. 5, 68 §288; Jos., Vi. 144) Mt 9:28; 13:36; 17:25; AcPl Ha 4, 3; at home Mk 10:10. εἰς οἰκίαν into a house 6:10; 7:24; into your house 2J 10. ἐν τῇ οἰκίᾳ τινός Mk 2:15; 14:3; Lk 5:29; 7:37. ἐν οἰκίᾳ τινός (POxy 51, 13 ἐν οἰκίᾳ Ἐπαγαθοῦ) Mt 26:6; Ac 9:11; 10:32; ἐν τῇ οἰκίᾳ in the house J 8:35; 11:31; at home Mt 8:6; 9:10; Mk 9:33. ἐν οἰκίᾳ in a house or at home Lk 8:27. οἱ ἐν τῇ οἰκίᾳ those who are in the house Mt 5:15 (πάντες οἱ ἐν τ. οἰκ. as Dio Chrys. 64 [14], 7); cp. Ac 16:32. ὁ κύριος τῆς οἰκίας the master of the house Mk 13:35. ὁ οἰκοδεσπότης τῆς οἰκίας Lk 22:11. κατεσθίειν τὰς οἰκ. τῶν χηρῶν devour widow’s houses i.e., rob widows of their houses (and household goods; s. οἶκος 4) Mt 23:13 [14] v.l.; Mk 12:40; Lk 20:47 (Maximus Tyr. 14, 4e κείρειν [=devour] οἶκον βασιλέως). κατοικεῖν οἰκίας πηλίνας live in houses of clay 1 Cl 39:5 (Job 4:9).—KJäger, D. Bauernhaus in Palästina, m. Rücksicht auf d. bibl. Wohnhaus untersucht 1912; Dalman, Arbeit VII: D. Haus, Hühnerzucht, Taubenzucht, Bienenzucht ’42.

ⓑ in imagery, of the body as the habitation of the soul (cp. σαρκικὸς οἶκος ParJer 6:6) ἡ ἐπίγειος ἡμῶν οἰκ. τοῦ σκήνους the earthly tent we live in 2 Cor 5:1a. In contrast to this the glorified body is called οἰκία ἀχειροποίητος a dwelling not made with hands 2 Cor 5:1b.—S. on οἰκητήριον.—Of heaven as God’s dwelling-place (cp. Artem. 2, 68 p. 159, 13 ὁ οὐρανὸς θεῶν ἐστιν οἶκος; schol. on Aeschin. 2, 10: acc. to Timaeus, a woman dreamed that she had been snatched up into heaven and had seen there τὰς τῶν θεῶν οἰκήσεις; Sappho 1, 7 D.²: Aphrodite inhabits πατρὸς [Zeus’] δόμον.—Purely formal UPZ 18, 8 [163 B.C.] ἡ οἰκία τοῦ πατρὸς ἡμῶν) J 14:2 (difft. OSchaefer, ZNW 32, ’33, 210–17, against him Bultmann 464, 5).

② social unit within a dwelling, household, family (X., Mem. 2, 7, 6; Diod S 12, 14, 3; 13, 96, 3; PPetr II, 23 [4], 2 καταγράψας τὴν οἰκίαν τοῦ Ὥρου; Philo, Abr. 92; Jos., Ant. 17, 134) Mt 12:25 (w. πόλις, as Synes., Providence 1, 4 p. 9d); Mk 3:25 (w. βασιλεία). ἐπίστευσεν αὐτὸς καὶ ἡ οἰκ. αὐτοῦ ὅλη he and his whole household came to believe J 4:53 (Appian, Bell. Civ. 1, 13 §55 Γράκχος αὐτοῦ σὺν ὅλῃ τῇ οἰκίᾳ κατάρχοιτο). ἡ οἰκ. Στεφανᾶ the family of Stephanas 1 Cor 16:15. ἄτιμος εἰ μὴ … ἐν τῇ οἰκ. αὐτοῦ without honor except … in his family Mt 13:57; Mk 6:4.

③ a kind of middle position betw. mngs. 1 and 2 is held by Mt 10:12f: εἰσερχόμενοι εἰς τὴν οἰκίαν ἀσπάσασθε αὐτήν. καὶ ἐὰν ᾖ ἡ οἰκία ἀξία …—οἱ ἐκ τῆς Καίσαρος οἰκίας Phil 4:22 means, whether it be translated those in the house or those in the household of the Emperor, according to prevailing usage, not members of the emperor’s family or relationship, but servants at his court; in early imperial times they were ordinarily slaves or freedpersons (cp. Philo, In Flacc. 35; Jos., Ant. 17, 142; παντὶ τῷ οἴκῳ τῶν Σεβαστῶν PHerrmann, Inschriften von Sardeis: Chiron 23, ’93, 234 no. 1 ln. 5; MartPl 1 [Aa I 104, 8; 106, 15]. Cp. also Diog. L. 5, 75 the explanation for the ‘ignoble’ origin of Demetrius of Phalerum: ἦν γὰρ ἐκ τῆς Κόνωνος οἰκίας. On the other hand Diod S 17, 35, 3 αἱ τῆς βασιλικῆς οἰκίας γυναῖκες=the women of the royal family.—AdeWaal, Οἱ ἐκ τῆς Καίσαρος οἰκίας [Phil 4:22]: Röm. Quartalschr. 26, 1912, 160–63; Zahn, Einl.³ 391; GDuncan, St. Paul’s Ephesian Ministry 1929 [where the theory of Paul’s Ephesian imprisonment is set forth]. S. also Καῖσαρ ad loc.).—B. 133; 458. DELG s.v. οἶκο A I. M-M. TW.

Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά παλαιοχριστιανική Λογοτεχνία > οἰκία
14 ilim

,-lmi 1. branch of knowledge or study, science: fizik ilmi the science of physics. ilahiyat ilmi the science of theology. tabii ilimler the natural sciences. 2. scientific study of knowledge, study based on a scientific method: Bu neticeye ilim yoluyla vardım. I reached this conclusion by scientific study. 3. theoretical knowledge, knowledge based on theory alone. - adamı person whose profession is the scientific pursuit of knowledge in a particular field (usually refers to distinguished scholars or researchers). -ini almak /ın/ to become good at (a job), master the art of: Piyanoları akort etmenin ilmini almışsın. It looks like you´ve mastered the art of piano tuning.

Saja Türkçe - İngilizce Sözlük > ilim
15 prevail

1. v торжествовать, одержать победу; добиться своего

we hope that truth will prevail — мы надеемся, что правда восторжествует

his argument prevailed and I yielded — его довод был очень убедителен, и я уступил

2. v преобладать, превалировать; господствовать

the north wind prevails in those parts — в тех местах преобладает северный ветер

3. v быть распространённым, признанным, принятым; существовать

the theory prevails that … — существует теория о том, что …

4. v дип. иметь преимущественную силу

Синонимический ряд:

1. abound (verb) abound; spread

2. conquer (verb) beat; best; conquer; master; overcome; succeed; surmount; triumph; win; worst

3. prevail upon (verb) influence; persuade; prevail upon; sway

4. rule (verb) command; control; dominate; domineer; predominate; preponderate; reign; rule

English-Russian base dictionary > prevail
16 tesis

f. s.&pl.

1 thesis.

2 tenet, opinion.

* * *

tesis

► nombre femenino invariable

1 thesis

2 (opinión) view, theory

\

FRASEOLOGÍA

sostener una tesis to maintain a theory

tesis doctoral doctoral thesis

* * *

noun f.

thesis

* * *

SF INV

1) (Univ) thesis

tesis doctoral — doctoral thesis, doctoral dissertation (EEUU), PhD thesis

2) (Fil) thesis

3) (=teoría)

su tesis es insostenible — his theory is untenable

no podemos refutar las tesis de la defensa — we cannot refute the defence's arguments

no comparto su tesis — I don't share your opinion

* * *

femenino (pl tesis)

a) (Educ, Fil) thesis

b) ( opinión)

los dos sostienen la misma tesis — they are both of the same opinion

esto confirma la tesis inicial — this confirms the initial theory

- tesis doctoral

* * *

= dissertation, thesis [theses, -pl.], claim.

Ex. The bibliographic data bases allow the searcher to retrieve references to work that has appeared in documents such as journal articles, conference papers, books, dissertations, patents and technical reports.

Ex. A thesis is a document which reports the author's research and findings and which is submitted by him in support of his candidature for a degree or professional qualification.

Ex. The final justification is to be found in the claim that SLIS provide a form of information education that is not provided elsewhere.

----

* apoyar una tesis = give + weight to the claim that.

* defensa de tesis = dissertation defence, thesis defence.

* director de tesis = PhD supervisor, dissertation adviser, dissertation supervisor, thesis supervisor, thesis adviser, research supervisor.

* dirigir una tesis = supervise + dissertation, supervise + thesis.

* tesis de máster = master's dissertation, master's thesis.

* tesis doctoral = doctoral dissertation, PhD dissertation, Phd thesis (Ph.D. thesis), doctoral thesis.

* * *

femenino (pl tesis)

a) (Educ, Fil) thesis

b) ( opinión)

los dos sostienen la misma tesis — they are both of the same opinion

esto confirma la tesis inicial — this confirms the initial theory

- tesis doctoral

* * *

= dissertation, thesis [theses, -pl.], claim.

Ex: The bibliographic data bases allow the searcher to retrieve references to work that has appeared in documents such as journal articles, conference papers, books, dissertations, patents and technical reports.

Ex: A thesis is a document which reports the author's research and findings and which is submitted by him in support of his candidature for a degree or professional qualification.

Ex: The final justification is to be found in the claim that SLIS provide a form of information education that is not provided elsewhere.

* apoyar una tesis = give + weight to the claim that.

* defensa de tesis = dissertation defence, thesis defence.

* director de tesis = PhD supervisor, dissertation adviser, dissertation supervisor, thesis supervisor, thesis adviser, research supervisor.

* dirigir una tesis = supervise + dissertation, supervise + thesis.

* tesis de máster = master's dissertation, master's thesis.

* tesis doctoral = doctoral dissertation, PhD dissertation, Phd thesis (Ph.D. thesis), doctoral thesis.

* * *

tesis

feminine

(pl tesis)

1 ( Educ) thesis

2

(opinión): los dos sostienen la misma tesis they are both of the same opinion, they both hold the same view

esto confirma la tesis inicial de la policía this confirms the police's initial theory

3 ( Fil) thesis

Compuesto:

tesis doctoral

doctoral thesis

* * *

tesis sustantivo femenino (pl
◊ tesis)

a) (Educ, Fil) thesis;

◊ tesis doctoral doctoral thesis

b) ( opinión):

◊ los dos sostienen la misma tesis they are both of the same opinion;

esto confirma la tesis inicial this confirms the initial theory
tesis f inv
1 (opinión) theory: según tu tesis, todos estamos acomplejados, in your view, everybody has a complex
las tesis liberales, liberal theories
2 Univ thesis
' tesis' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
laguna
- tema
- verde
- completo
- consistente
- dirigir
- folio
- insostenible
- leer
English:
abstract
- argue
- dissertation
- thesis
- plod

* * *

tesis nf inv

1. [teoría, idea] view, thesis;

defiende la tesis de que… he holds the view that…;

es una tesis muy interesante that's a very interesting theory;

novela de tesis novel with a message, didactic novel

2. Filosofía thesis;

tesis, antítesis y síntesis thesis, antithesis and synthesis

3. Educ thesis;

leer la tesis ≈ to have one's viva (voce), US to defend one's dissertation

Comp
tesis doctoral doctoral o PhD thesis
* * *

tesis

f inv thesis

* * *

tesis nfs & pl

: thesis

Spanish-English dictionary > tesis
17 Psychoanalysis

   1) The Ego Is Not Even Master in Its Own House

   [Psychoanalysis] seeks to prove to the ego that it is not even master in its own house, but must content itself with scanty information of what is going on unconsciously in the mind. (Freud, 1953-1974, Vol. 16, pp. 284-285)

   2) Methodological Problems of Psychoanalysis

   Although in the interview the analyst is supposedly a "passive" auditor of the "free association" narration by the subject, in point of fact the analyst does direct the course of the narrative. This by itself does not necessarily impair the evidential worth of the outcome, for even in the most meticulously conducted laboratory experiment the experimenter intervenes to obtain the data he is after. There is nevertheless the difficulty that in the nature of the case the full extent of the analyst's intervention is not a matter that is open to public scrutiny, so that by and large one has only his own testimony as to what transpires in the consulting room. It is perhaps unnecessary to say that this is not a question about the personal integrity of psychoanalytic practitioners. The point is the fundamental one that no matter how firmly we may resolve to make explicit our biases, no human being is aware of all of them, and that objectivity in science is achieved through the criticism of publicly accessible material by a community of independent inquirers.... Moreover, unless data are obtained under carefully standardized circumstances, or under different circumstances whose dependence on known variables is nevertheless established, even an extensive collection of data is an unreliable basis for inference. To be sure, analysts apparently do attempt to institute standard conditions for the conduct of interviews. But there is not much information available on the extent to which the standardization is actually enforced, or whether it relates to more than what may be superficial matters. (E. Nagel, 1959, pp. 49-50)

   3) No Necessary Incompatibility between Psychoanalysis and Certain Religious Formulations

   here would seem to be no necessary incompatibility between psychoanalysis and those religious formulations which locate God within the self. One could, indeed, argue that Freud's Id (and even more Groddeck's It), the impersonal force within which is both the core of oneself and yet not oneself, and from which in illness one become[s] alienated, is a secular formation of the insight which makes religious people believe in an immanent God. (Ryecroft, 1966, p. 22)

   4) The Problem of Verifying Psychoanalytic Theory

   Freudian analysts emphasized that their theories were constantly verified by their "clinical observations."... It was precisely this fact-that they always fitted, that they were always confirmed-which in the eyes of their admirers constituted the strongest argument in favour of these theories. It began to dawn on me that this apparent strength was in fact their weakness.... It is easy to obtain confirmations or verifications, for nearly every theory-if we look for confirmation. (Popper, 1968, pp. 3435)

   5) Psychoanalysis Is Not a Science But Rather the Interpretation of a Narrated History

   Psychoanalysis does not satisfy the standards of the sciences of observation, and the "facts" it deals with are not verifiable by multiple, independent observers.... There are no "facts" nor any observation of "facts" in psychoanalysis but rather the interpretation of a narrated history. (Ricoeur, 1974, p. 186)

   6) Some of the Qualities of a Scientific Approach Are Possessed by Psychoanalysis

   In sum: psychoanalysis is not a science, but it shares some of the qualities associated with a scientific approach-the search for truth, understanding, honesty, openness to the import of the observation and evidence, and a skeptical stance toward authority. (Breger, 1981, p. 50)

   7) Major Attributes of Psychoanalysis

   [Attributes of Psychoanalysis:]

   1. Psychic Determinism. No item in mental life and in conduct and behavior is "accidental"; it is the outcome of antecedent conditions.

   2. Much mental activity and behavior is purposive or goal-directed in character.

   3. Much of mental activity and behavior, and its determinants, is unconscious in character. 4. The early experience of the individual, as a child, is very potent, and tends to be pre-potent over later experience. (Farrell, 1981, p. 25)

   8) The Scientific and Rational Are Not Co- extensive

   Our sceptic may be unwise enough... to maintain that, because analytic theory is unscientific on his criterion, it is not worth discussing. This step is unwise, because it presupposes that, if a study is not scientific on his criterion, it is not a rational enterprise... an elementary and egregious mistake. The scientific and the rational are not co-extensive. Scientific work is only one form that rational inquiry can take: there are many others. (Farrell, 1981, p. 46)

   9) The Validity of Psychoanalytic Therapy

   Psychoanalysts have tended to write as though the term analysis spoke for itself, as if the statement "analysis revealed" or "it was analyzed as" preceding a clinical assertion was sufficient to establish the validity of what was being reported. An outsider might easily get the impression from reading the psychoanalytic literature that some standardized, generally accepted procedure existed for both inference and evidence. Instead, exactly the opposite has been true. Clinical material in the hands of one analyst can lead to totally different "findings" in the hands of another. (Peterfreund, 1986, p. 128)

    10) The Issues of Inference and Evidence in Psychoanalysis

   The analytic process-the means by which we arrive at psychoanalytic understanding-has been largely neglected and is poorly understood, and there has been comparatively little interest in the issues of inference and evidence. Indeed, psychoanalysts as a group have not recognized the importance of being bound by scientific constraints. They do not seem to understand that a possibility is only that-a possibility-and that innumerable ways may exist to explain the same data. Psychoanalysts all too often do not seem to distinguish hypotheses from facts, nor do they seem to understand that hypotheses must be tested in some way, that criteria for evidence must exist, and that any given test for any hypothesis must allow for the full range of substantiation/refutation. (Peterfreund, 1986, p. 129)

Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Psychoanalysis
18 Shannon, Claude Elwood

SUBJECT AREA: Electronics and information technology, Telecommunications

[br]

b. 30 April 1916 Gaylord, Michigan, USA

[br]

American mathematician, creator of information theory.

[br]

As a child, Shannon tinkered with radio kits and enjoyed solving puzzles, particularly crypto-graphic ones. He graduated from the University of Michigan in 1936 with a Bachelor of Science in mathematics and electrical engineering, and earned his Master's degree from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 1937. His thesis on applying Boolean algebra to switching circuits has since been acclaimed as possibly the most significant this century. Shannon earned his PhD in mathematics from MIT in 1940 with a dissertation on the mathematics of genetic transmission.

Shannon spent a year at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, then in 1941 joined Bell Telephone Laboratories, where he began studying the relative efficiency of alternative transmission systems. Work on digital encryption systems during the Second World War led him to think that just as ciphers hide information from the enemy, "encoding" information could also protect it from noise. About 1948, he decided that the amount of information was best expressed quantitatively in a two-value number system, using only the digits 0 and 1. John Tukey, a Princeton colleague, named these units "binary digits" (or, for short, "bits"). Almost all digital computers and communications systems use such on-off, or two-state logic as their basis of operation.

Also in the 1940s, building on the work of H. Nyquist and R.V.L. Hartley, Shannon proved that there was an upper limit to the amount of information that could be transmitted through a communications channel in a unit of time, which could be approached but never reached because real transmissions are subject to interference (noise). This was the beginning of information theory, which has been used by others in attempts to quantify many sciences and technologies, as well as subjects in the humanities, but with mixed results. Before 1970, when integrated circuits were developed, Shannon's theory was not the preferred circuit-and-transmission design tool it has since become.

Shannon was also a pioneer in the field of artificial intelligence, claiming that computing machines could be used to manipulate symbols as well as do calculations. His 1953 paper on computers and automata proposed that digital computers were capable of tasks then thought exclusively the province of living organisms. In 1956 he left Bell Laboratories to join the MIT faculty as Professor of Communications Science.

On the lighter side, Shannon has built many devices that play games, and in particular has made a scientific study of juggling.

[br]

Principal Honours and Distinctions

National Medal of Science. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Medal of Honor, Kyoto Prize.

Bibliography

His seminal paper (on what has subsequently become known as information theory) was entitled "The mathematical theory of communications", first published in Bell System Technical Journal in 1948; it is also available in a monograph (written with Warren Weaver) published by the University of Illinois Press in 1949, and in Key Papers in the Development of Information Theory, ed. David Slepian, IEEE Press, 1974, 1988. For readers who want all of Shannon's works, see N.J.A.Sloane and A.D.Wyner, 1992, The

Collected Papers of Claude E.Shannon.

HO

Biographical history of technology > Shannon, Claude Elwood
19 Language

   1) The Book of Nature Is Written in the Language of Mathematics

   Philosophy is written in that great book, the universe, which is always open, right before our eyes. But one cannot understand this book without first learning to understand the language and to know the characters in which it is written. It is written in the language of mathematics, and the characters are triangles, circles, and other figures. Without these, one cannot understand a single word of it, and just wanders in a dark labyrinth. (Galileo, 1990, p. 232)

   2) Arranging Speech so as to Reply Appropriately

   It never happens that it [a nonhuman animal] arranges its speech in various ways in order to reply appropriately to everything that may be said in its presence, as even the lowest type of man can do. (Descartes, 1970a, p. 116)

   3) No Other Animal Has the Language Capacity of the Human

   It is a very remarkable fact that there are none so depraved and stupid, without even excepting idiots, that they cannot arrange different words together, forming of them a statement by which they make known their thoughts; while, on the other hand, there is no other animal, however perfect and fortunately circumstanced it may be, which can do the same. (Descartes, 1967, p. 116)

   4) Human Beings Do Not Live Only in the World of Objects

   Human beings do not live in the object world alone, nor alone in the world of social activity as ordinarily understood, but are very much at the mercy of the particular language which has become the medium of expression for their society. It is quite an illusion to imagine that one adjusts to reality essentially without the use of language and that language is merely an incidental means of solving specific problems of communication or reﬂection. The fact of the matter is that the "real world" is to a large extent unconsciously built on the language habits of the group.... We see and hear and otherwise experience very largely as we do because the language habits of our community predispose certain choices of interpretation. (Sapir, 1921, p. 75)

   5) Language Powerfully Conditions All Our Thinking

   It powerfully conditions all our thinking about social problems and processes.... No two languages are ever sufficiently similar to be considered as representing the same social reality. The worlds in which different societies live are distinct worlds, not merely the same worlds with different labels attached. (Sapir, 1985, p. 162)

   6) A List of Language Games

   [A list of language games, not meant to be exhaustive:]

   Giving orders, and obeying them- Describing the appearance of an object, or giving its measurements- Constructing an object from a description (a drawing)Reporting an eventSpeculating about an eventForming and testing a hypothesisPresenting the results of an experiment in tables and diagramsMaking up a story; and reading itPlay actingSinging catchesGuessing riddlesMaking a joke; and telling it

   Solving a problem in practical arithmeticTranslating from one language into another

   LANGUAGE Asking, thanking, cursing, greeting, and praying-. (Wittgenstein, 1953, Pt. I, No. 23, pp. 11 e-12 e)

   7) Language Constrains Certain Modes of Interpretation

   We dissect nature along lines laid down by our native languages.... The world is presented in a kaleidoscopic ﬂux of impressions which has to be organized by our minds-and this means largely by the linguistic systems in our minds.... No individual is free to describe nature with absolute impartiality but is constrained to certain modes of interpretation even while he thinks himself most free. (Whorf, 1956, pp. 153, 213-214)

   8) We Dissect Nature in Accordance with Our Native Languages

   We dissect nature along the lines laid down by our native languages.

   The categories and types that we isolate from the world of phenomena we do not find there because they stare every observer in the face; on the contrary, the world is presented in a kaleidoscopic ﬂux of impressions which has to be organized by our minds-and this means largely by the linguistic systems in our minds.... We are thus introduced to a new principle of relativity, which holds that all observers are not led by the same physical evidence to the same picture of the universe, unless their linguistic backgrounds are similar or can in some way be calibrated. (Whorf, 1956, pp. 213-214)

   9) The Forms of a Person's Thoughts Are Controlled by Unperceived Patterns of His Own Language

   The forms of a person's thoughts are controlled by inexorable laws of pattern of which he is unconscious. These patterns are the unperceived intricate systematizations of his own language-shown readily enough by a candid comparison and contrast with other languages, especially those of a different linguistic family. (Whorf, 1956, p. 252)

    10) The Analysis of Certain Types of Utterances

   It has come to be commonly held that many utterances which look like statements are either not intended at all, or only intended in part, to record or impart straightforward information about the facts.... Many traditional philosophical perplexities have arisen through a mistake-the mistake of taking as straightforward statements of fact utterances which are either (in interesting non-grammatical ways) nonsensical or else intended as something quite different. (Austin, 1962, pp. 2-3)

    11) The Dictionary of a Language Is a System of Concepts

   In general, one might define a complex of semantic components connected by logical constants as a concept. The dictionary of a language is then a system of concepts in which a phonological form and certain syntactic and morphological characteristics are assigned to each concept. This system of concepts is structured by several types of relations. It is supplemented, furthermore, by redundancy or implicational rules..., representing general properties of the whole system of concepts.... At least a relevant part of these general rules is not bound to particular languages, but represents presumably universal structures of natural languages. They are not learned, but are rather a part of the human ability to acquire an arbitrary natural language. (Bierwisch, 1970, pp. 171-172)

    12) Talk about the Evolution of the Language Capacity is Beside the Point

   In studying the evolution of mind, we cannot guess to what extent there are physically possible alternatives to, say, transformational generative grammar, for an organism meeting certain other physical conditions characteristic of humans. Conceivably, there are none-or very few-in which case talk about evolution of the language capacity is beside the point. (Chomsky, 1972, p. 98)

    13) The Development of Language

   [It is] truth value rather than syntactic well-formedness that chieﬂy governs explicit verbal reinforcement by parents-which renders mildly paradoxical the fact that the usual product of such a training schedule is an adult whose speech is highly grammatical but not notably truthful. (R. O. Brown, 1973, p. 330)

    14) Sentential and Conceptual Levels in Language

   he conceptual base is responsible for formally representing the concepts underlying an utterance.... A given word in a language may or may not have one or more concepts underlying it.... On the sentential level, the utterances of a given language are encoded within a syntactic structure of that language. The basic construction of the sentential level is the sentence.

   The next highest level... is the conceptual level. We call the basic construction of this level the conceptualization. A conceptualization consists of concepts and certain relations among those concepts. We can consider that both levels exist at the same point in time and that for any unit on one level, some corresponding realizate exists on the other level. This realizate may be null or extremely complex.... Conceptualizations may relate to other conceptualizations by nesting or other specified relationships. (Schank, 1973, pp. 191-192)

    15) Linguistic Realities Have Not Yet Been Captured by Theoretical Models

   The mathematics of multi-dimensional interactive spaces and lattices, the projection of "computer behavior" on to possible models of cerebral functions, the theoretical and mechanical investigation of artificial intelligence, are producing a stream of sophisticated, often suggestive ideas.

   But it is, I believe, fair to say that nothing put forward until now in either theoretic design or mechanical mimicry comes even remotely in reach of the most rudimentary linguistic realities. (Steiner, 1975, p. 284)

    16) The Final Steps to Human Language

   The step from the simple tool to the master tool, a tool to make tools (what we would now call a machine tool), seems to me indeed to parallel the final step to human language, which I call reconstitution. It expresses in a practical and social context the same understanding of hierarchy, and shows the same analysis by function as a basis for synthesis. (Bronowski, 1977, pp. 127-128)

    17) The Inadequacy of Formal Linguistic Models for Ordinary Language Usage

    t is the language donn eґ in which we conduct our lives.... We have no other. And the danger is that formal linguistic models, in their loosely argued analogy with the axiomatic structure of the mathematical sciences, may block perception.... It is quite conceivable that, in language, continuous induction from simple, elemental units to more complex, realistic forms is not justified. The extent and formal "undecidability" of context-and every linguistic particle above the level of the phoneme is context-bound-may make it impossible, except in the most abstract, meta-linguistic sense, to pass from "pro-verbs," "kernals," or "deep deep structures" to actual speech. (Steiner, 1975, pp. 111-113)

    18) When a Language Is an Abstract Machine

   A higher-level formal language is an abstract machine. (Weizenbaum, 1976, p. 113)

    19) Metaphor and Metonymy Underpin the Formation of Linguistic Signs

   Jakobson sees metaphor and metonymy as the characteristic modes of binarily opposed polarities which between them underpin the two-fold process of selection and combination by which linguistic signs are formed.... Thus messages are constructed, as Saussure said, by a combination of a "horizontal" movement, which combines words together, and a "vertical" movement, which selects the particular words from the available inventory or "inner storehouse" of the language. The combinative (or syntagmatic) process manifests itself in contiguity (one word being placed next to another) and its mode is metonymic. The selective (or associative) process manifests itself in similarity (one word or concept being "like" another) and its mode is metaphoric. The "opposition" of metaphor and metonymy therefore may be said to represent in effect the essence of the total opposition between the synchronic mode of language (its immediate, coexistent, "vertical" relationships) and its diachronic mode (its sequential, successive, lineal progressive relationships). (Hawkes, 1977, pp. 77-78)

    20) Language and the Analysis of Nature

   It is striking that the layered structure that man has given to language constantly reappears in his analyses of nature. (Bronowski, 1977, p. 121)

    21) Correspondence Rules for Mapping Old Theory into Subsets of New Theory

   First, [an ideal intertheoretic reduction] provides us with a set of rules"correspondence rules" or "bridge laws," as the standard vernacular has it-which effect a mapping of the terms of the old theory (T o) onto a subset of the expressions of the new or reducing theory (T n). These rules guide the application of those selected expressions of T n in the following way: we are free to make singular applications of their correspondencerule doppelgangers in T o....

   Second, and equally important, a successful reduction ideally has the outcome that, under the term mapping effected by the correspondence rules, the central principles of T o (those of semantic and systematic importance) are mapped onto general sentences of T n that are theorems of Tn. (P. Churchland, 1979, p. 81)

    22) The Inclusion of Non- linguistic Factors in a Theory of Grammar

   If non-linguistic factors must be included in grammar: beliefs, attitudes, etc. [this would] amount to a rejection of the initial idealization of language as an object of study. A priori such a move cannot be ruled out, but it must be empirically motivated. If it proves to be correct, I would conclude that language is a chaos that is not worth studying.... Note that the question is not whether beliefs or attitudes, and so on, play a role in linguistic behavior and linguistic judgments... [but rather] whether distinct cognitive structures can be identified, which interact in the real use of language and linguistic judgments, the grammatical system being one of these. (Chomsky, 1979, pp. 140, 152-153)

    23) Language Is Inevitably Inﬂuenced by Specific Contexts of Human Interaction

   Language cannot be studied in isolation from the investigation of "rationality." It cannot afford to neglect our everyday assumptions concerning the total behavior of a reasonable person.... An integrational linguistics must recognize that human beings inhabit a communicational space which is not neatly compartmentalized into language and nonlanguage.... It renounces in advance the possibility of setting up systems of forms and meanings which will "account for" a central core of linguistic behavior irrespective of the situation and communicational purposes involved. (Harris, 1981, p. 165)

    24) The Genetic Blueprints of Language

   By innate [linguistic knowledge], Chomsky simply means "genetically programmed." He does not literally think that children are born with language in their heads ready to be spoken. He merely claims that a "blueprint is there, which is brought into use when the child reaches a certain point in her general development. With the help of this blueprint, she analyzes the language she hears around her more readily than she would if she were totally unprepared for the strange gabbling sounds which emerge from human mouths. (Aitchison, 1987, p. 31)

    25) Languages Are Machines

   Looking at ourselves from the computer viewpoint, we cannot avoid seeing that natural language is our most important "programming language." This means that a vast portion of our knowledge and activity is, for us, best communicated and understood in our natural language.... One could say that natural language was our first great original artifact and, since, as we increasingly realize, languages are machines, so natural language, with our brains to run it, was our primal invention of the universal computer. One could say this except for the sneaking suspicion that language isn't something we invented but something we became, not something we constructed but something in which we created, and recreated, ourselves. (Leiber, 1991, p. 8)

Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Language
20 gestión

f.

1 step, move, step of a process, gestio.

2 negotiation, management, undertaking, action.

3 management.

* * *

gestión

► nombre femenino

1 (Also used in plural with the same meaning) (trámite) step, measure, move

■ tengo que realizar varias gestiones, después nos veremos I have a few errands to do, so I'll see you later

2 (comercial) administration, management

■ la gestión de la empresa corre a cargo del hijo del dueño the owner's son is in charge of managing the company

3 (Also used in plural with the same meaning) (negociación) negotiation

■ su gestión para liberar a los rehenes fracasó his efforts to free the hostages failed

\

FRASEOLOGÍA

gestión de datos data management

* * *

noun f.

1) management

2) procedure

* * *

SF

1) (=administración) management

le despidieron por su mala gestión — he was dismissed for bad management

gestión de datos — data management

gestión de ficheros — file management

gestión de personal — personnel management

gestión empresarial — business management

gestión financiera — financial management

gestión forestal — woodland management

gestión interna — (Inform) housekeeping

gestión presupuestaria — budget management

2) pl gestiones (=trámites)

tenía que realizar unas gestiones in Madrid — he had some business to do in Madrid

hacer las gestiones necesarias para algo — to take the necessary steps for sth

hacer las gestiones preliminares — to do the groundwork

el gobierno tendrá que hacer las primeras gestiones — the government will have to make the first move

* * *

femenino

a) ( trámite)

hizo or efectuó gestiones para adoptar un niño — he went through the procedure for adopting a child

su apoyo a las gestiones de paz — their support for the peace process

las gestiones realizadas por ellos — the action taken by them

b) (Com, Fin) management

c) (Adm, Gob) administration

d) gestiones femenino plural ( negociaciones) negotiations (pl)

* * *

= handling, husbanding, management, manipulation, running, dispensation, stewardship, manning, managing, back office, keeping.

Ex. The document can now be returned to the proper department for further handling.

Ex. There is nevertheless some scope in some African countries for the exploitation of basic information technologies for such actitivies as the internal husbanding and sharing of decision-making data.

Ex. The practice of librarianship requires performance of the same management functions irrespective of position.

Ex. Indexing may rely upon the facilities for the manipulation and ordering of data offered by the computer.

Ex. The acquisition of these materials is a skilful job demanding the sort of dedication that a housewife brings to the running of her home.

Ex. The role of government publications in the provision of information is discussed as well as the new constitutional dispensation which came into being in September 1984 in the Republic of South Africa.

Ex. The librarian's professional values include service, commitment to truth-seeking and intellectual freedom and a sense of responsibility ( stewardship of knowledge).

Ex. All the things that follow in the chapter are subservient to the inquiry point and its proper manning.

Ex. Compiling, updating, managing and editing monolingual and multilingual thesauri without suitable software is extremely complex.

Ex. Benefits have been proven in the back office and now many organizations are applying it in customer facing applications.

Ex. I am an associate director for collections development, and my responsibilities relate to the getting and keeping of collections = Soy subdirector encargado del desarrollo de la colección y mis responsabilidades están relaconadas con la adquisición y mantenimiento de las colecciones.

----

* analista de sistemas de gestión bibliotecaria = library systems analyst.

* consultoría para la gestión = management consultant.

* cursos de gestión de información = management course.

* de gestión = back-office.

* de gestión del museo = curatorial.

* director ejecutivo de la gestión del conocimiento = knowledge executive.

* economía de gestión = managerial economics.

* encargado de la gestión de documentos = record(s) manager.

* encargado de la gestión documental = record(s) manager.

* equipo de gestión = management team.

* escuela de gestión = business school.

* estilo de gestión = managerial style, management style.

* estrategia de gestión = management strategy, managerial strategy.

* estrategia de gestión de la información = information management strategy.

* estructura jerárquica de gestión = line management.

* estudios de gestión = management science.

* gasto de gestión = administration fee.

* gastos de gestión = handling fee.

* gestión administrativa = housekeeping.

* gestión bibliotecaria = library management.

* gestión compartida = shared governance.

* gestión de aguas = water management.

* gestión de archivos = management of records, archive(s) management.

* gestión de archivos personales = personal archives management, personal records management.

* gestión de bases de datos = database management.

* gestión de calidad total = total quality management (TQM).

* gestión de casos clínicos = case management.

* gestión de crisis = crisis management.

* gestión de datos = data handling.

* gestión de documentación administrativa = record keeping [recordkeeping], record management [records management], record(s) management, paperwork management.

* gestión de documentos = document management, handling of documents, record(s) management, record keeping [recordkeeping].

* gestión de documentos electrónicos = electronic document management.

* gestión de empresas = business management.

* gestión de fincas = land management.

* gestión de grandes extensiones para la cría de ganado = range management.

* gestión de imágenes = imaging, image-handling, image management.

* gestión de imágenes de documentos = document image management.

* gestión de imágenes digitales = digital imaging, digital image management.

* gestión de imágenes electrónicas = electronic image management.

* gestión de imágenes por ordenador = computer imaging.

* gestión de la biblioteca = library management, library administration.

* gestión de la colección = collection management.

* gestión de la información = information management, information handling.

* gestión de la oferta de productos = range management.

* gestión del catálogo = catalogue management.

* gestión del comportamiento = behaviour management.

* gestión del conocimiento = knowledge management (KM).

* gestión del contenido = content management.

* gestión del medio ambiente = environmental management.

* Gestión de los Recursos de Información (IRM) = Information Resources Management (IRM).

* gestión del tiempo = time management.

* gestión de objetos = object management.

* gestión de oficinas = office management.

* gestión de operaciones = operations management.

* gestión de personal = personnel management.

* gestión de recursos acuáticos = aquatic resource management.

* gestión de recursos acuíferos = water resource management.

* gestión de recursos hidráulicos = water management.

* gestión de recursos humanos = human resource management.

* gestión de registros = record keeping [recordkeeping].

* gestión de soportes = media management.

* gestión de terrenos = land management.

* gestión de tierras = land management.

* gestión diaria de, la = day-to-day running of, the.

* gestión documental = information management, record management [records management], record(s) management, record keeping [recordkeeping], record keeping [recordkeeping].

* gestión económica = economics.

* gestión electrónica de documentos = electronic record keeping, electronic record keeping, electronic record management.

* gestión entre pares = collegial management.

* gestiones = paperwork.

* gestión financiera = fiscal management.

* gestión mediante proyectos = project management.

* gestión participativa = participative management.

* gestión por objetivos = management by objectives (MBO).

* gestión y conservación de documentos electrónicos = electronic document preservation and management.

* grupo de gestión = management team.

* herramienta de gestión = management tool, managerial tool.

* herramienta para la gestión de la información = information-managing tool.

* información de gestión = management data, management information.

* jefe de los servicios de gestión del conocimiento = chief knowledge officer (CKO).

* Licenciado en Gestión Empresarial = MBA (Master of Business Administration).

* mala gestión = mismanagement.

* método de gestión = managerial style.

* nivel alto de gestión = higher management.

* nivel medio de gestión = middle management.

* para la gestión de información textual = text-handling.

* profesional de la gestión documental = information management professional.

* profesional encargado de la gestión de documentos = records professional.

* programa de gestión bibliográfica personal = personal bibliographic software.

* programa de gestión bibliotecaria = library software package.

* programa de gestión de bases de datos = database management software.

* programa de gestión de datos = database management software.

* Programa de Gestión de Registros y Archivos (RAMP) = Records and Archives Management Programme (RAMP).

* programa de gestión documental = information retrieval software.

* programa de gestión financiera = cash management package, cash management software.

* programa integrado de gestión de bibliotecas = integrated library system (ILS), integrated library management system (ILMS).

* programas para la gestión de mapas = map software.

* responsabilidad en la gestión = accountability.

* responsable de la gestión de documentos = record(s) manager.

* responsable de la gestión documental = record(s) manager.

* sistema de ayuda a la gestión = management support system (MSS).

* sistema de gestión bibliotecaria = library system, library management system.

* sistema de gestión de documentos = record(s) system.

* sistema de gestión de documentos electrónicos = electronic document management system (EDMS).

* sistema de gestión de imágenes = imaging system, image-based system, image management system.

* sistema de gestión de la información (SGI) = information management system (IMS).

* sistema de gestión del conocimiento = knowledge management system (KMS).

* Sistema de Gestión de Mensajes (MHS) = Message Handling System (MHS).

* sistema de gestión de registros = record(s) system.

* sistema de gestión documental = information retrieval system (IRS), record(s) system.

* sistema integrado de gestión bibliotecaria = integrated library package.

* sistema para la información de gestión = management information system (MIS).

* sistema virtual de gestión de cursos = course management system.

* sociedad de gestión de derechos de autor = copyright collective, copyright collecting society, copyright collecting agency.

* teoría de la gestión = management theory.

* * *

femenino

a) ( trámite)

hizo or efectuó gestiones para adoptar un niño — he went through the procedure for adopting a child

su apoyo a las gestiones de paz — their support for the peace process

las gestiones realizadas por ellos — the action taken by them

b) (Com, Fin) management

c) (Adm, Gob) administration

d) gestiones femenino plural ( negociaciones) negotiations (pl)

* * *

= handling, husbanding, management, manipulation, running, dispensation, stewardship, manning, managing, back office, keeping.

Ex: The document can now be returned to the proper department for further handling.

Ex: There is nevertheless some scope in some African countries for the exploitation of basic information technologies for such actitivies as the internal husbanding and sharing of decision-making data.

Ex: The practice of librarianship requires performance of the same management functions irrespective of position.

Ex: Indexing may rely upon the facilities for the manipulation and ordering of data offered by the computer.

Ex: The acquisition of these materials is a skilful job demanding the sort of dedication that a housewife brings to the running of her home.

Ex: The role of government publications in the provision of information is discussed as well as the new constitutional dispensation which came into being in September 1984 in the Republic of South Africa.

Ex: The librarian's professional values include service, commitment to truth-seeking and intellectual freedom and a sense of responsibility ( stewardship of knowledge).

Ex: All the things that follow in the chapter are subservient to the inquiry point and its proper manning.

Ex: Compiling, updating, managing and editing monolingual and multilingual thesauri without suitable software is extremely complex.

Ex: Benefits have been proven in the back office and now many organizations are applying it in customer facing applications.

Ex: I am an associate director for collections development, and my responsibilities relate to the getting and keeping of collections = Soy subdirector encargado del desarrollo de la colección y mis responsabilidades están relaconadas con la adquisición y mantenimiento de las colecciones.

* analista de sistemas de gestión bibliotecaria = library systems analyst.

* consultoría para la gestión = management consultant.

* cursos de gestión de información = management course.

* de gestión = back-office.

* de gestión del museo = curatorial.

* director ejecutivo de la gestión del conocimiento = knowledge executive.

* economía de gestión = managerial economics.

* encargado de la gestión de documentos = record(s) manager.

* encargado de la gestión documental = record(s) manager.

* equipo de gestión = management team.

* escuela de gestión = business school.

* estilo de gestión = managerial style, management style.

* estrategia de gestión = management strategy, managerial strategy.

* estrategia de gestión de la información = information management strategy.

* estructura jerárquica de gestión = line management.

* estudios de gestión = management science.

* gasto de gestión = administration fee.

* gastos de gestión = handling fee.

* gestión administrativa = housekeeping.

* gestión bibliotecaria = library management.

* gestión compartida = shared governance.

* gestión de aguas = water management.

* gestión de archivos = management of records, archive(s) management.

* gestión de archivos personales = personal archives management, personal records management.

* gestión de bases de datos = database management.

* gestión de calidad total = total quality management (TQM).

* gestión de casos clínicos = case management.

* gestión de crisis = crisis management.

* gestión de datos = data handling.

* gestión de documentación administrativa = record keeping [recordkeeping], record management [records management], record(s) management, paperwork management.

* gestión de documentos = document management, handling of documents, record(s) management, record keeping [recordkeeping].

* gestión de documentos electrónicos = electronic document management.

* gestión de empresas = business management.

* gestión de fincas = land management.

* gestión de grandes extensiones para la cría de ganado = range management.

* gestión de imágenes = imaging, image-handling, image management.

* gestión de imágenes de documentos = document image management.

* gestión de imágenes digitales = digital imaging, digital image management.

* gestión de imágenes electrónicas = electronic image management.

* gestión de imágenes por ordenador = computer imaging.

* gestión de la biblioteca = library management, library administration.

* gestión de la colección = collection management.

* gestión de la información = information management, information handling.

* gestión de la oferta de productos = range management.

* gestión del catálogo = catalogue management.

* gestión del comportamiento = behaviour management.

* gestión del conocimiento = knowledge management (KM).

* gestión del contenido = content management.

* gestión del medio ambiente = environmental management.

* Gestión de los Recursos de Información (IRM) = Information Resources Management (IRM).

* gestión del tiempo = time management.

* gestión de objetos = object management.

* gestión de oficinas = office management.

* gestión de operaciones = operations management.

* gestión de personal = personnel management.

* gestión de recursos acuáticos = aquatic resource management.

* gestión de recursos acuíferos = water resource management.

* gestión de recursos hidráulicos = water management.

* gestión de recursos humanos = human resource management.

* gestión de registros = record keeping [recordkeeping].

* gestión de soportes = media management.

* gestión de terrenos = land management.

* gestión de tierras = land management.

* gestión diaria de, la = day-to-day running of, the.

* gestión documental = information management, record management [records management], record(s) management, record keeping [recordkeeping], record keeping [recordkeeping].

* gestión económica = economics.

* gestión electrónica de documentos = electronic record keeping, electronic record keeping, electronic record management.

* gestión entre pares = collegial management.

* gestiones = paperwork.

* gestión financiera = fiscal management.

* gestión mediante proyectos = project management.

* gestión participativa = participative management.

* gestión por objetivos = management by objectives (MBO).

* gestión y conservación de documentos electrónicos = electronic document preservation and management.

* grupo de gestión = management team.

* herramienta de gestión = management tool, managerial tool.

* herramienta para la gestión de la información = information-managing tool.

* información de gestión = management data, management information.

* jefe de los servicios de gestión del conocimiento = chief knowledge officer (CKO).

* Licenciado en Gestión Empresarial = MBA (Master of Business Administration).

* mala gestión = mismanagement.

* método de gestión = managerial style.

* nivel alto de gestión = higher management.

* nivel medio de gestión = middle management.

* para la gestión de información textual = text-handling.

* profesional de la gestión documental = information management professional.

* profesional encargado de la gestión de documentos = records professional.

* programa de gestión bibliográfica personal = personal bibliographic software.

* programa de gestión bibliotecaria = library software package.

* programa de gestión de bases de datos = database management software.

* programa de gestión de datos = database management software.

* Programa de Gestión de Registros y Archivos (RAMP) = Records and Archives Management Programme (RAMP).

* programa de gestión documental = information retrieval software.

* programa de gestión financiera = cash management package, cash management software.

* programa integrado de gestión de bibliotecas = integrated library system (ILS), integrated library management system (ILMS).

* programas para la gestión de mapas = map software.

* responsabilidad en la gestión = accountability.

* responsable de la gestión de documentos = record(s) manager.

* responsable de la gestión documental = record(s) manager.

* sistema de ayuda a la gestión = management support system (MSS).

* sistema de gestión bibliotecaria = library system, library management system.

* sistema de gestión de documentos = record(s) system.

* sistema de gestión de documentos electrónicos = electronic document management system (EDMS).

* sistema de gestión de imágenes = imaging system, image-based system, image management system.

* sistema de gestión de la información (SGI) = information management system (IMS).

* sistema de gestión del conocimiento = knowledge management system (KMS).

* Sistema de Gestión de Mensajes (MHS) = Message Handling System (MHS).

* sistema de gestión de registros = record(s) system.

* sistema de gestión documental = information retrieval system (IRS), record(s) system.

* sistema integrado de gestión bibliotecaria = integrated library package.

* sistema para la información de gestión = management information system (MIS).

* sistema virtual de gestión de cursos = course management system.

* sociedad de gestión de derechos de autor = copyright collective, copyright collecting society, copyright collecting agency.

* teoría de la gestión = management theory.

* * *

gestión

feminine

1

(trámite): la única gestión que había realizado the only step he had taken

hizo or efectuó gestiones para adoptar un niño he went through the procedure for adopting a child

su apoyo a las gestiones de paz their support for the peace process o peace moves

las gestiones realizadas por sus compañeros the steps o action taken by his colleagues

las gestiones actualmente en marcha para resolverlo the efforts currently under way to resolve it

unas gestiones que tenía que realizar some business that I had to attend to

2 ( Com, Fin) (de una empresa) management, running; (de bienes) management, administration

3 ( Adm, Gob) administration

un balance sobre sus dos años de gestión a review of their two-year administration o of their two years in power

4 gestiones fpl (negociaciones) negotiations (pl)

Compuestos:

● gestión de cartera

portfolio management

● gestión de riesgos

risk management

● gestión del tiempo

time management

* * *

gestión sustantivo femenino
a) ( trámite) step;

◊ la única gestión que había hecho the only step he had taken;

hizo gestiones para adoptar un niño he went through the procedure for adopting a child;
su apoyo a las gestiones de paz their support for the peace process
b)

◊ gestiones sustantivo femenino plural ( negociaciones) negotiations (pl)

gestión sustantivo femenino
1 (de un negocio, empresa) management 2 gestiones, (conjunto de trámites) formalities, steps: están haciendo gestiones para liberarlos, they are working to free him
' gestión' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
bloquear
- excusada
- excusado
- recado
- trámite
- transparencia
- transparente
- diligencia
- paso
English:
collapse
- conduct
- course
- financial management
- management
- management accounting
- management consultancy
- management studies
- MBA
- mismanagement
- personnel management
- procedure
- running
- unproductive
- financial
- indictment

* * *

gestión nf

1. [diligencia]
tengo que hacer unas gestiones en el ayuntamiento I have a few things to do at the town hall;

las gestiones para obtener un visado the formalities involved in getting a visa;

sus gestiones para obtener la beca no dieron fruto his efforts to get a grant were unsuccessful;

las gestiones del negociador fracasaron the negotiator's efforts came to nothing;

voy a intentar hacer unas gestiones a ver si puedo conseguirlo I'll try and speak to a few people to see if I can manage it;

Comp
RP
no hay peor gestión que la que no se hace there's no harm in trying

2. [administración] management

Comp
gestión de calidad quality control; Fin gestión de cartera portfolio management; Com gestión de cobro = collection of outstanding payments;
gestión de crisis crisis management;

gestión de empresas business management;

gestión financiera financial management;
Com gestión de línea line management; Com gestión de personal personnel management;
gestión política [de gobierno, ministro] conduct in government;

gestión de recursos resource management;

gestión de riesgos risk management;

gestión del tiempo time management

3. Informát gestión de ficheros file management;

gestión de memoria memory management

4. [gobierno] administration;

tres años de gestión del gobierno socialista three years under the socialist administration

* * *

gestión

f

1 management;

mala gestión mismanagement, poor management

2

:

gestiones pl ( trámites) formalities, procedure sg ;

hacer gestiones attend to some business

* * *

gestión nf, pl gestiones

1) trámite: procedure, step

2) administración: management

3) gestiones nfpl

: negotiations

* * *

gestión n (administración) management

Spanish-English dictionary > gestión

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to master the theory

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Словари и энциклопедии на Академике

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to master the theory

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